MLK Jr. && Malcolm X

Martin Luther King Jr.; 1929-1968
I.Pastor in Alabama
II.Civil rights activists voted King as their leader
III.“I Have a Dream” speech in 1963
IV.Worked for Civil Rights Act
V.Congress passed Civil Rights in 1964
VI.King received Nobel Peace Prize
VII.Killed by assassin’s bullet on April 4th

Malcolm X; 1925-1965
I.Was in prison 1946-1952 for burglary
II.Converted to Muslim-“Black Muslim”
III.Believed in black separatism
IV.Took the name “X” as a replacement for his lost African name
V.In rivalry between Malcolm X and Nation of Islam because of disagreement with Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islam leader
VI.Shot February 21 by Islam’s

Protect Ourselves

(Transcript of a 1964 TV interview)
-->Malcolm X
-->X believes in talking face to face rather than doing something constructive for the benefit of the people
-->X also believes negroes should be allowed to have guns for protection
-->X questions if government and FBI respects negroes
-->Also believes negroes should form vigilante committees for protection of lives and community

Stride Toward Freedom

-->Martin Luther King Jr.
-Life of oppressed; they adjust by being silent
-To accept passively is unjust
-Religion reminds everyone of their rights; moral ways
-Can adjust by being violent
-Violence never brings permant peace; it solves no social problems but creates new
-Violence to achieve racial justice is impractical and immoral (emphasizes hate rather -than love); seeks to humiliate opponent rather than win his understanding
-Violence ends up by defeating itself; creates bitterness
-Or, to adjust, nonviolent resistance; reconcile truths of two opposites
-With nonviolent resistance, no individual or group need submit to any wrong, nor resort to violence in order to right a wrong
-Not black vs. white but justice vs. injustice

Ballad of Birmingham

-->Dudley Randall
..A little girl asks her mother if she can go and play on the streets of Birmingham.
..Mother says no, but lets her little girl go to church because she figures that is a safe place.
..While the girl is gone, the mother hears an explosion and runs to the church.
..Some white person blew up the church.
..As the woman is looking for her little girl, she finds her shoe.
Ballad: Narrative poem that was originally meant to be sung.

A Murder, a mystery, and a Marriage

 Mark Twain

• Chapter One:
  You meet John Gray, farmer in Deerlick, Missouri.

He is bitter and needs money.

You meet Rev. John Hurley.

You meet Mary Gray, John’s daughter who is in love with Hugh Gregory.

You meet Sarah/Sally, John’s wife, mother of Mary.

You meet Tom Gray, Mary’s brother.

Dave, John Gray’s brother, who is very rich, hates Hugh.

Hugh stopped Dave from stealing his father’s farm.

• Chapter Two:

Rev. brings news that Dave left his whole will to Mary.

John doesn’t want Mary to marry Hugh.

John runs off and finds a stranger lying in the snow, he takes him home.

• Chapter Three:

Stranger is a teacher of language, music & many more topics.

He calls himself Mr. George Wayne.

He tells Sally he is a Frenchman, him and his father are lords. Mr. Wayne is rich. He had to leave his country or he would have had to marry a woman but he wanted to marry for only love. Mr. Wayne likes Mary. His real name is Count Hubert Dee Fountingblow.

• Chapter Four:

Count and Dave talk about marriage.

Count finds a letter on Dave’s desk.

Count finds Mary crying about Hugh.

• Chapter Five:

Hugh and Dave fight.

Dave threatens him.

• Chapter Six:

Count was at Grey’s house when they found out that Dave has been killed.

They believe Hugh is the killer.

There is blood on Hugh.

The fight, will and debtall signs point to Hugh.

Hugh is going to be hung.

• Chapter Seven:

Mary loves Hugh.

People are upset Hugh is being hung.

They keep waiting for his innocence to be proclaimed.

As Hugh is being hung, Count and Mary are getting married.

Police interrupt marriage and take Count away, Hugh is free.

John yells for Hugh and Mary to get married.

Count’s assassin spills beans that he and Count killed Dave.

• Chapter Eight:

Jean Merciere is the real Count.

He is completely self taught.

Met a man named Verne who would tweak Count’s stories from his travels and make them magnificent.

Verne was a fraud.

He used Count for stories as he paid him.

Verne forced Count to have murderous thoughts.

Count wanted both of them to get hurt.

One story, Verne and Count are in a balloon and Count pushes Verne out.

Count floats to John’s pasture and ends up there.

Coming of Age in Mississippi

--> Anne Moody-Autobiography

• 1963-NAACP boy-cots
• Anne goes door to door for NAACP which is ran by John Salter
• She is also spokeswoman for a group that did sit-in at Woolworth's lunch counter with two others
• They could possibly go to jail for doing so
  
• The waitress told them that blacks are served in the back, but the three refused to move
• The white people in the restaurant started to leave because of the blacks
• Newsmen came in-soon whites followed
• They tired to put ropes around the Negro's necks
• The women prayed, and all hell broke loose
• One white man beat up Anne's friend Memphis
• Memphis was arrested for being accused as the attacker
• Crowds chanted "communists"
• One old man told the white boys to remove the blacks
• White men carried Joan and Annie; both escaped their grips and crawled back to the counter
• A college faculty member of Tougaloo (where blacks went) sat down with them
• Now it was 2 whites & 2 blacks sitting at the counter
• The whites threw mustard, ketchup, and other things at them
• John came and sat with them, he got hit in the jaw with a brass knuckle and salt poured on his wound
• One end of the counter, Lois & Pearlena were joined by George Raymond, worked for CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) & also a black high schooler
• The mob sprayed them with paint and wrote nigger on the high-schooler's back
• Finally the store owner closed down the store because of all the damage it was causing
• About 90 police men watched this happen, police wouldn't even escort the black protesters out
• As they walked out, police allowed people to throw anything at them
• Reverend King picked them up and took them back to the NAACP office
• Before they returned, Anne wanted to have her hair washed, they went to a hair dresser & she gladly cleaned Anne's hair for her
• The hair dresser accepted her before 3 other white ladies, who were very kind and knew Anne needed help
• At the church that night, people honored and applauded the ones who did the sit-in
• It was just the beginning- "We shall overcome."
  

Declaration of Independence

The list of complaints begins with "He..."
1. Why do they repeat it?
Show more emphasis, they are talking about the King of England.

2. Why do they make it personal?
It is a very personal matter. People were driven away from where they came from to the United States to recieve the rights and respect that Americans do.

3. How does the D.I. anticipate its audiences resistance to change?
The declaration clearly shows that freedom is what the people wanted. They would have done anything to earn rights.

4. How does the D.I. use parallelism? How does it impact the effectiveness of the piece?
Everything is clearly stated and is all in the same form. It makes it easier to get the full message from the piece.

parallelism: when a writer uses similar grammatical forms or sentence patterns to express ideas of equal importance.


5.What to you is the most convincing example stated in the D.I.? Why?
"He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance."

People were being contained by the same law that they were trying to escape. They came from England to American to escape that law, but ended up finding the same senario.

Question 3; Gettysburg Address

Lincoln speaking...
.He sees the U.S. as being brave
.People who fought for us are very dedicated to freedom and success
.We can't forget what they did, that would be disrespectful
.Freedom shall not perish from the earth
.We need to pick up on the unfinished work of soldiers

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

5 styles:
--> Figurative
"I expected every movement that my brains would be dashed out against the trees." Page 563

--> Word Choice
"My car was upset and shattered..." Page 563

--> Elaborate
"His comings were like a thief in the night." Page 565

--> Formal
"My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died..." Page 565

--> Conversational
"He spoke to me very kindly, bade me drive pigs from a lot near by and passed on towards the church." Page 569

The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)

-->Edgar Allan Poe
-Unity of effect: single overall feeling
-Exploring strange & fantastic, conveying psychological terror through carefully chosen details and events
-Mood: feeling or atmosphere in words
-Setting: imagery & figurative language
*Autum, clouds hanging low

• Man rides horse to spooky House of Usher
• He used to be childhood friends with Roerick Usher, the house proprietor
• Rod sent him a letter that Rod now had a mental illness. Rod wanted to see him. He agreed to go give Rod a visit.
• Rod was always really quiet and didn't say much.
• House featuers gothic archecticture.
• The future scares Rod
• Rod's sister Madeline is about to die. She goes into coma like stages because of her illness.
• Rod and the man mourned over her death by opening her coffin so Rod could say his goodbyes again.
• The man watches as Rod goes crazy, thinking his sister has awakened from her death.
• Rod and the man saw Madeline's ghost in the hallway, she fell into Rod so they became one and she killed him.

-->Rod burries her alive because of her diease. She has spells like she is in a coma. Rod knows that she isn't dead, but still buries her. When she is in the coffin, he can hear her scratching at the wood.

The Signal Man

--> By: Charles Dickens

Spector-->Ghost

• The signal-man gets a sign from a spector when somene is about to die. The story takes place on an eerie railroad track, where many have been killed. One night the signal-man recieves a sign so he goes out to check it out. He is searching on the tracks & gets hit by a train. It was his signal to die.
  

The Raven

Edgar Allan Poe

--Raven was a bird of prophecy; in western cultures, ravens have been associated with myster, evil, omens, and eath. Bird is a phrophecy and can tell the future.

End Rhyme: Similar or identicle sounds at ends of lines.
Internal Rhyme: Rhymes within in line.
Rhyme Scheme: Basic patten at the end of rhymes.
Stanza: Group of words in a poem; paragraph.

• One December night, a man hears a knock on his door around midnight. He is almost asleep.
  
• It was the ghost of Maiden Lenore, his deceased wife he thinks.
  
• He was in an excited terror & lets them in.
• As he opens the door he apoligizes for taking so long because he was almost asleep; but when he opens the door, there is nobody there.
  
• He whispers, "Lenore", and waits, but not reply.
  
• He walks back inside and hears a louder tapping, but he believes it is only the wind this time on his window.
• He flings open his drapes and there is a Raven, just sitting there.
  
• He man asks the Raven why his name is on the night's death shore, so why the Raven is bringing death to his window.
  
• All the Raven says is, "Nevermore". That was all he said and the Raven just sat there.
  
• The man says he has hope that the Raven isn't bringing him death.
• He pulls up a chair in front of the window & looks at the bird. He wonders why the threatening bird is at his house.
• The bird just stares at him. The man had no evidence to come to a conclusion why the bird was there.
  
• The man asks God to give him relief from his memory of Lenore. He drinks in hopes of these thoughts leaving him. All the Raven says is "Nevermore".
  
• The man accuses the Raven of being a prophet, of the devil and evil. Either sent by the devil or someone else, he asks if he will ever be relieved.
  
• Raven, "Nevermore".
  
• He asks the Raven why he has to continue to be sad.
  
• Raven, "Nevermore".
  
• He tells the Raven to leave.
• Raven, "Nevermore".
• The Raven is a deamon, the lamp casts the Raven's shadows on the floor as the Raven takes the man's soul, killing him.
  

The Masque of the Red Death

-->Red Death: Sharp pains, dizziness, bleeding at pores, dissolution, scarlet stains upon body, seizures

• Prince Prospero: Happy, lived in the abbey (abbey: building built to resemble a monastery). Prince designed it to have gates of iron and many other Gothic elements. Prince had but many pleasure items in the castle; ballet-dancers, buffoons, musicians, beauty & wine. These were all safe from "Red death".
  
• Prince had a masked ball, but of most unusual magnificence, Masquerade.
• Masquerade was held in seven rooms. Imperial suite, sharp turns every 20-30 yards, big Gothic windows made of stained glass, decorations.

Different chambers:
--> 1. Blue
--> 2. Purple
--> 3. Green
--> 4. Orange
--> 5. White
--> 6. Violet
--> 7. Black Velvet: Window panes color of blood, hall of velvet

• The black velvet room there was a big clock. Clock of ebony. It made a beautiful noise. Everything and everybody would stop what they were doing to listen to it ding. When it would finish, people would laugh nervously.
  
• The prince's decor was bizzare; he had a fine eye for color. He was seen as mad. He loved the grotesque.
  
• The chambers held dreams inside. When the clock dings, the dreams stop. When clock is done, they begin again.
  
• No maskers at the ball could go into the hall of velvet. In the other rooms, the beat of life continued.
  
• At midnight, the 12 strokes of the clock pretty much hypnotize the people. During that time, the people noticed a masked person. The figure was tall, shrouded head to toe with clothing from the grave, his mask was a skull. He looked as he was sprinkled with blood like "Red Death".
  
• When Prince sees him, he shudders, of terror & distaste. The prince orders from him to be unmasked. The prince goes up the figure & the figure stabs the prince with a daggar.
  
• The skulled-mask man was Red Death. He killed everyone who was at the party. The clock stopped working also.
  

Death: You can't cheat it. Nobody can.

Danse Macabre

---> "Dance of Death"
By Stephen King, an essay

• The unknown suspense and music are the scary parts of the story, they cause the heart to race
• The "bug behind the door" is the unknown and the relief

--> Allegory: a work with two layers of meaning where most of the persons, objects & events stand for abstract ideas or qualities.

Prince
Meaning: Life, living
Lesson: Hope

Abbey
Meaning: Safe place
Lesson: You can't hide from fate

Series of 7 Rooms
Meaning: Life, Black room means death
Lesson: Scenarios of life

Clock
Meaning: The time everyone had left to live
Lesson: Our days are numbered

Stranger
Meaning: Death for all
Lesson: Nobody can escape destiny

The Devil and Tom Walker

Setting: Deep inlet, winding through Charles Bay, dark grove, gigantic tree, Massachusetts

• Old stories tell of a pirate called Pirate Kidd who buried treasure under a big tree; people say the devil hid the money. Kidd never returned to the treasure because he was hung for being a pirate.
• 1727, Tom Walker and his wife; they are miserable together and cheat on each other. She is very secretive. They live in an old, abandoned, moss covered house.
• Tom's wife was fierce of temper, loud of tongue & strong of arm.
• One day Tom takes a shortcut home, through a swamp. There is an old Indian fort in the swamp. He stopped there to take a break from walking. He is about to sit on the ground when he sees something halfway buried in the ground. It is an old Indian axe, so he goes to pick it up. As he does, he hears a voice say, "Leave that skull alone."
  
• Tom looks up and sees a black man sitting not far from him. The man is neither black, nor Indian. His skin seems to be covered by soot.
  
• The ground they are on belongs to Deacon Peabody, but the Indian man says Peabody is dead so it's his land. The Indian does not feel bad for cutting down Peabody's timber.
  
• The man goes by various names; black miner, wild huntsman. He talks to the Quakers & Anabaptists.
• Tom thinks the man is Old Scratch who is talked about in old stories. The two talk for a long time and become friends.
  
• The man tells Tom of Kidd's treasure. The man owns the tree it is buried underneath. The man burns his thumb print in Tom's head before he part. (Showing he is the Devil)
• Tom goes home, tells his wife of the stories, and she wants to go and find Kidd's money. Tom tells her no, just to make her mad, so she sets off on her own to go find it.
  
• Stories came about of her going to the swamp. She spoke of the black man. Eventually she disappears in the swamp. Rumors of her death flared, but the most famous story was a man with an axe on his shoulder was seen coming out of the swamp carrying a bundle in an apron.
  
• Another rumor is that Tom goes in search of her. He is about to give up when he sees an apron and a vulture hanging in the tree. Tom retrieves the apron because it looks like his wife's. He unfolds the apron to reveal a heart and liver inside.
  
• Tom thinks the man helped him because his wife was dying. Tom wanted to give the man thanks.
• He sees the black man, they talk, say thanks & begin talking about the treasure again. Tom wants to give the money to a slave ship, but the man said no. The man says to open a broker's shop in Boston.
• Later, Tom begins to attend church, he still believes the devil has something in store for him. One day, Tom says he just wants the devil to take him. He goes a little insane. Just then, the devil appears on his doorstep on a black horse. The devil sweeps Tom away never to be seen again.
  

Gothic Literature Notes

Elements of Gothic Literature:

• Grotesque characters, bizarre situations & violent events
• Began in Europe
• Came into the United States in the 19th century
• Famous writers include Edgar Allan Poe & Hawthorne
• Age of reason, fear of Gods

Romanticism:
.Writers saw basic elements of nature, limitation of reason
.Celebrated the individual spirit
.Emotions
.Imagination
.Splendors of nature rather than the fear of God
.Fascination of Supernatural
.Washington Irving: Prominent writer in the United States

Transcendentalists:
.Forms of truth beyond reason and experience
.Every individual is capable of discovering this higher truth on his or her own through intuition." -Ralph Waldo Emerson

Dark Side of Individualism:
.Gothic architecture
.Gothic cathedrals
.High stained glass windows, gargoyles (Gothic mascot)
.Imaginative distortion of reality
.Shadowy, demonic region
.Gothic tradition can be called the Dark Side of Individualism
.Romantics looked at the individual and saw hope
.Gothic saw potential evil

Poe

• Many of his stories took place in Gothic castles, decaying ancient estates which provided a eerie setting for terrifying events
• Male characters are crazy
  
• Female characters are beautiful but usually dying or already dead
• Plots are extreme murders, crazy situations
• Live burials, physical and mental torture, retribution from the grave
• Romantics show the good side, the evil side is brought out by the Gothic
  

Hawthorne

• Examined human fear under many conditions: fear, vanity, mistrust, betrayal
  

The Crucible Acts

Act One:
You get introduced to the setting and many characters in the story. It is set in Salem, Massachuttes in the late 1600's. The town is ruled a little differently than most. It is called a theocracy. It is the ruling of God through religious officals; like priests. The town of Salem revolves around their church, which their town is run by.
The story starts off when you meet a girl named Betty Parris and her father Reverend Parris. Betty is unresponsive and isn't moving. Rumor is that Betty has been afflicted by witchcraft. Reverend Parris asks for the help of Reverend of John Hale, who is an expert on witchcraft, to come and help him figure out what is wrong with Betty for sure. You also meet Abigial Williams, one of Betty's friends. Reverend Parris questions her about what is wrong with Betty because he saw those two girls and many others dancing in the forest in the middle of the night. Reverend Parris' slave Tituba is also present in the forest. Abigial denies anyone who tries to accuse them all of witchcraft.
You then meet Thomas Putnam and his wife. Mr.Putnam's wife thinks she knows quite a bit about witchcraft and thinks she can help out Reverend Parris and Betty. You also meet two maids. Mercy Lewis and Mary Warren.
While all these people are walking into Betty's room, she wakes up screaming that she wants her mother. The strange part is that her mother is dead...(not until the end of the book does she snap out of it.)

Act Two:
You meet John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth. Whoever Abigail and her friends say is involved in witchcraft, is convicted of it. John Proctor knows that Abigail has been trying to get Elizabeth convicted of witchcraft because Abigail wants John Proctor all to herself. Him and her have had an affair before, but Abigail just can't seem to let go of him. Mary Warren lives with the Proctor's and one night when she comes home she gives Elizabeth a doll that she made during a witchcraft court ruling. John gets angry at Mary for continuting to attend the trials. But Mary has been defending Elizabeth in court when she was accused by Abigail.
John Hale shows up at the Proctor's house because he wants to talk to Elizabeth. Some of his men get a search warrent for their house and they ask Elizabeth if she owns any dolls. She admits to only having the one that belongs to Mary. The men find a pin stuck in the doll. It seems like voodoo because Abigail also stabbed herself in the same spot with a sharp object. Parris finds the needle and accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. They take Elizabeth away to be trialed as being a witch.

Act Three:
Court is in session. Here is the twist. John Procotor and Mary show up where Mary claims the girls were all only pretending to be afflicted by witchcraft. Everyone is shocked. John Proctor is just trying to free his wife. The judge tells John that Elizabeth has to wait to be hung now because she claims to be pregnant, and will be killed after she delivers. The judge send for Abigail and the other girls. Abigail says that everything Mary has told them is a lie. All the girls begin to panic while they are being pressured by the judge to tell the truth and blame it on Mary by saying she sent a cold wind upon them.
Proctor now gets very angry with Abigail and calls her a whore. He admits to their affair. He says that Abigail is only blaming Elizabeth so that she will be hung and Abigail can take her place in John's heart. Abigail is now totally against Elizabeth and John Proctor and say that Mary is sending the devil at them through spirit. John tries to comfort Mary but she tells him that he in touch with the devil.

Act Four:
Parris has been put into jail. Reverend Hale nows feels guitly for accusing so many people of witchcraft. He tries to get the innocent released from jail but none will confess. All of the people of Salem are still terrified that if they do anything they will get accused of witchcraft.
Proctor goes and visits Elizabeth in jail. She tells him over one hundred people have confessed to witchcraft. He wonders if he should confess. He wants people to feel guilty for wanting to hang an innocent man if he confesses. He eventually decides to confess. John Proctor is then executed, Elizabeth goes on to remarry years later, Abigial becomes a prostitue, and the town of Salem seems to become empty.

Gothic Literature

Definition of Gothic Literature:
Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance...

History of the word Gothic and Gothic Literature:
‘Gothic’ refers to a mode of fiction dealing with supernatural or horrifying events. However, not all Gothic literature is concerned with the supernatural, and not all Gothic literature is horrifying. Rather, the term ‘Gothic’ as applied to literature refers to a kind of atmosphere or aesthetic that is hard to define.

Gothic literature is generally believed to have begun in the year 1765 with the publication of The Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole. It should be noted that this novel was published in the 18th century, after the philosophical movement known as the Enlightenment had attempted to bring reason to the world, and to banish superstition.

It is said that the Gothic writings originated from Europe, or they would set their stories in Southern Europe. They say this because most gothic writers were Protestants. Catholicism was seen as a superstitious form of Christianity, therefore closer to barbarism.


The Castle of Otranto is about an Italian prince who schemes to avert the curse brought on his family when his grandfather usurped the principality of Otranto.

All top information came from: http://my.opera.com/quentinscrisp/blog/show.dml/11604


Characteristics of a Gothic work:
1. There is a victim who is hopeless against their torture.
2. There is a victimizer who is related with the evil and who's powers are accused to be supernatural.
3. The setting of the gothic story is at some point within impenetrable walls (physical or psychological) to heighten the victim's sense of hopeless isolation. The central gothic image is the cathedral or a haunted mansion within the walls which the victim is impristioned.
4. The setting is of mystery, darkness, and fear.
5. The victim is in awe of how powerful the victimizer is.

Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as "romantic," although love may occasionally be the subject of Romantic art. Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.One of the fundamentals of Romanticism is the belief in the natural goodness of man, the idea that man in a state of nature would behave well but is hindered by civilization.


Characteristics of Romanticism:
Resulting in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movements had in common only a revolt against the prescribed rules of classicism. The basic aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of humanity; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the development of nationalistic pride; and the exaltation of the senses and emotions over reason and intellect. In addition, romanticism was a philosophical revolt against rationalism.

(Enlightenment is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.)

Early Puritans & Salem Witch Trials

Early Puritans:
Picture 4: Reverend Parris, who's daughter and niece were the ones who claimed their slave to be a witch.
Picture 3: Two puritans, very similar to pilgrims but just the religion is different.
Picture 2: A witch trial.
Picture 1: Witchcraft symbol.

The early puritans were colonists from England, who left England in order to keep their religion. They fled to America. The puritans had some interesting rules that they called the Puritan Code which stated that males and females had to sit on opposite sides in the church during worship and they couldn't attend Sunday worships. Puritans worked toward religious, moral and societal reforms. John Calvin was the one who wrote down the laws of the puritans. They saw the bible as God's true law & that is what they wanted to live by. They tried to tweak & strip Christianity and purify it. They have strict rules on sexual morality, and many other things.

Puritan Beliefs:
1. Total Depravity-A wicked or morally corrupt act- They say everyone is born with sin.
2. Unconditional Election- God only saves the ones he wishes.
3. Irresistible Grace- God's grace can not be freely given or not accepted.
4. Perseverance of the Saints- If God wants a certain man to speak God's word, he must do so and not reject the wishes of God.


Function of Puritan writings:
1. Transform and interpret the mysterious God.
2. Make God more known to everyone.
3. Glorify God.

Puritans main focus was that they were to work hard and not express emotions. They could not express their own ideas. They believed every sin should be punished. They believed God would punish sinful behavior. For example, when a family had a sick child, people would not feel sorry or try to help them because they believed it was God's will. They believed the Devil was a real God. Everyone struggled between good and evil. Women, children, and the insane were most targeted by Satan because they were weaker forces. The Devil would carry out his work through them. The people who followed Satan were said to be witches. Witchcraft was a huge crime, and was usually punished by death. Puritans believed witches and their ability to hurt others.


The first women accused of being witches were:
1. Tituba, a slave. She was African-American and had experience in Voodoo.
2. Sarah Good, a homeless beggar. If when she begged at your door and you didn't give her anything, she would leave saying nonsense words to herself.
3. Sarah Osborn, a sick old lady who married her servant. She had not been to church in over a year when she was convicted.
(If you were accused of being a witch, you would be hanged.)
More on Tituba's story, she was a slave for Reverend Parris. During the winter, Parris' daughter Betty and his niece Abigail started acting strange. Doctors couldn't find anything wrong with the girls and he called them "bewitched". They blamed Tituba for witchcraft because she would tell the girls stories of when she was living the Carribbean and voodoo. During Tituba's trail for being a witch, she talked about red rats, talking cats, and a man dressed in black that made her, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn all sign a book. All three women were taken to jail.

1962, Salem, Massachusetts, was were the witch outbreak started. More than 200 people were accused and 20 ended up being hanged. They were killed for practicing the Devil's magic. Even two dogs were killed for being suspected to be part of the Devil's works.

Native Americans

Picture one: Indians believe everything is sacred. A lesson can be learned from all of Native American stories. Native spirituality is mostly based around honor, love and respect.
The ten Indian commandments:

THE TEN INDIAN COMMANDMENTS!

Treat the Earth and all that dwell thereon with respect!
Remain close to the Great Spirit
Show great respect for your fellow beings
Work together for the benefit of all mankind!
Give assistance and kindness wherever needed
Do what you know to be right
Look after the well-being of mind and body
Dedicate a share of your efforts to the greater good
Be truthful and honest at all times
Take full responsiblity for your actions.....

Picture two: The Indians were some of the first people to inhabit the United States. When the Indians and the Pilgrims met at Cape Cod, they made a friendship and celebrated over a huge feast which is now Thanksgiving.

About the Kiowans: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5LpzJC38hA&feature=PlayList&p=53BC97FAA9CB115E&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=3

Kiowa flag song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvMm5zjSgRo&feature=PlayList&p=53BC97FAA9CB115E&index=4

Kiowa buffalo song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wiZkxh6PT0&feature=PlayList&p=53BC97FAA9CB115E&index=5